- Every year, the Nobel Foundation in Sweden honors individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to humanity in various fields.
- The Nobel Prizes, considered among the most prestigious awards worldwide, recognize achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace, and economics.
- Recently, the Nobel Committee announced the 2024 Laureates.
Let’s delve into their groundbreaking work and the significance of their accomplishments and know the full details of Nobel Prize winners 2024.
Name | Category | Contribution | Nationality | Biography |
John Hopfield | Physics | for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks | American | John Joseph Hopfield (born July 15, 1933, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American physicist known for his pioneering work in artificial neural networks, particularly the Hopfield network, introduced in 1982, which has had a profound influence on the development of machine learning. His research has encompassed diverse fields, including physics and neuroscience, and has widely impacted artificial intelligence, especially in the context of pattern recognition and data processing. |
Geoffrey Hinton | Physics | Foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks | British-Canadian | Geoffrey Everest Hinton (born December 6, 1947) is a British-Canadian cognitive psychologist and computer scientist known as the “godfather of AI.” He revolutionized artificial intelligence with innovations like the backpropagation algorithm and deep learning models. He co-founded DNNresearch and influenced Google’s AI. He has had a remarkable career in artificial intelligence, particularly noted for his pioneering work in neural networks. Hinton has also been an outspoken critic of AI technology’s risks. He received the 2018 Turing Award and is now recognized for his significant contributions that have transformed the landscape of modern machine learning. |
David Baker | Chemistry | for computational protein design | American | David Baker is a prominent American biochemist born in 1962 in Seattle, Washington. He received his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1989. Currently, he is a professor at the University of Washington and the director of the Institute for Protein Design. Baker is known for his pioneering work in computational protein design, specifically the Rosetta software suite that allows for designing novel proteins with new functions, crucial for advancements in pharmaceuticals and vaccines. He has over 640 publications and has co-founded 21 companies, significantly influencing the fields of synthetic biology and drug development. |
Demis Hassabis | Chemistry | for protein structure prediction using AlphaFold | British | Demis Hassabis is a British computer scientist, entrepreneur, and AI researcher, born on July 27, 1976, in London. He is the co-founder and CEO of Google DeepMind, which developed AlphaFold, an AI system that predicts protein structures. Hassabis, a former chess prodigy, has made significant contributions to AI and was knighted for his services in 2024. He combines insights from neuroscience and machine learning to advance the field of AI, with a vision to use technology for ongoing improvements in scientific research. |
John Jumper | Chemistry | for protein structure prediction using AlphaFold2 | American | John Jumper is an American chemist and computer scientist born in 1985 in Little Rock, Arkansas. He completed his Bachelor’s degree in Physics and Mathematics at Vanderbilt University in 2007 and earned his Ph.D. in Theoretical Chemistry from the University of Chicago in 2017. Jumper is a senior research scientist at Google DeepMind and is recognized for developing AlphaFold, a significant AI model that enables accurate predictions of protein structures, revolutionizing the field of computational biology. He was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work alongside Demis Hassabis and David Baker. |
Victor Ambros | Physiology or Medicine | Discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation | American | Victor R. Ambros, born December 1, 1953, in Hanover, New Hampshire, is a prominent American developmental biologist known for discovering microRNA (miRNA). He earned his bachelor’s degree and PhD from MIT, studying under Nobel laureate David Baltimore. Ambros became a notable figure in molecular and developmental biology, initially working at Harvard and later joining Dartmouth Medical School. In 2007, he became a professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. His groundbreaking work in 1993 identified the first microRNA, revolutionizing our understanding of gene regulation and its implications for developmental biology and medicine. |
Gary Ruvkun | Physiology or Medicine | for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation | American | Gary Bruce Ruvkun (born March 26, 1952) is an American molecular biologist known for his research on microRNA and RNA interference. He has significantly contributed to understanding gene regulation, specifically how microRNAs influence development and cellular function. He received his B.A. from UC Berkeley in 1973 and his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1982. His notable discoveries include the identification of the first microRNAs, which revealed new principles of gene regulation essential for multicellular life forms. Ruvkun has been awarded various honors including the Nobel Prize in 2024 for these discoveries. |
Han Kang | Literature | for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life | South Korean | Han Kang, born on November 27, 1970, in Gwangju, South Korea, is an acclaimed writer known for her works exploring themes of violence, existentialism, and human suffering. She gained international prominence with her novel ‘The Vegetarian’, which won the International Booker Prize in 2016. In 2024, she became the first South Korean and the eighteenth woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her writing often reflects deep emotional insights and a unique narrative style that blends lyrical prose with intense subject matter. |
Nihon Hidankyo | Peace | for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again | Japanese | Nihon Hidankyo, also known as the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, is a grassroots movement founded in 1956 by survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings (known as Hibakusha). It advocates for the rights of atomic bomb survivors and works toward the abolition of nuclear weapons, emphasizing the humanitarian consequences and the need for disarmament through powerful testimonies and public education campaigns. |
Daron Acemoglu | Economics | for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity | Turkish-American | Daron Acemoglu is a prominent economist known for his research on the importance of institutions for economic development. Born in Istanbul, Turkey in 1967, he earned his PhD from the London School of Economics in 1992. He has been a professor at MIT since 1993, focusing on the relationship between political systems and economic growth and highlighting how inclusive institutions drive prosperity. Acemoglu has published numerous influential works in economics, especially his co-authored book ‘Why Nations Fail’, which examines the impact of political and economic institutions on national wealth. |
Simon Johnson | Economics | for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity | United Kingdom | Simon Johnson, born in 1963 in Sheffield, UK, is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His work with Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson has greatly contributed to the understanding of how societal institutions influence economic prosperity and inequality. Their research emphasizes that the nature of institutions—whether inclusive or extractive—can significantly determine a nation’s economic outcomes, which is particularly relevant in explaining disparities between countries. |
James A. Robinson | Economic Sciences | Studies of how institutions affect prosperity and understanding the roots of global inequalities. | British-American | James A. Robinson, born in 1960, is a British-American economist and political scientist currently serving as a professor at the University of Chicago. He has significantly transformed the study of economic development, focusing on the impact of institutions on prosperity. His collaborative research with economists like Daron Acemoglu has played a key role in understanding why some nations are wealthy while others remain poor. Additionally, he authored influential works including ‘Why Nations Fail’. |
Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun Awarded 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine for Discovery of MicroRNA
2024 Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine
- On October 7, 2024, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet announced that American scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
- MicroRNAs are a class of tiny RNA molecules that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Their discovery revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation that is essential for multicellular organisms, including humans.
Background and Early Research
- In the late 1980s, Ambros and Ruvkun were postdoctoral fellows in the laboratory of Robert Horvitz at MIT, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2002.
- They studied gene control in the roundworm C. elegans, focusing on genes that control the timing of activation of different genetic programs during development.
- Ambros and Ruvkun investigated two mutant strains of worms, lin-4 and lin-14, that displayed defects in developmental timing.
Discovery of MicroRNA
- In 1993, while a faculty member at Harvard University, Ambros made a surprising discovery that the lin-4 gene, instead of encoding a protein, produced a very short RNA molecule that inhibited the expression of lin-14.
- Concurrently, Ruvkun, working at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, showed that lin-4 did not inhibit lin-14 by preventing its transcription into mRNA, but rather by blocking the production of the lin-14 protein.
- Ambros and Ruvkun realized that the sequence of lin-4 was complementary to sequences in the lin-14 mRNA. They showed that lin-4 microRNA turns off lin-14 by binding to these complementary sequences and blocking protein production.
- Their findings were published in two articles in the journal Cell in 1993, revealing a new mechanism of gene regulation mediated by microRNA.
Impact and Significance
- The discovery of microRNA initially received little attention from the scientific community, as it was considered a peculiarity of C. elegans.
- In 2000, Ruvkun published the discovery of another microRNA, let-7, which is found throughout the animal kingdom. This finding demonstrated the widespread importance of microRNAs.
- Since then, over 1,000 microRNA genes have been identified in humans, revealing an entirely new dimension to gene regulation.
- MicroRNAs are fundamentally important for how organisms develop and function. They have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders.
The Laureates
- Victor Ambros was born in 1953 in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. He received his PhD from MIT in 1979 and did postdoctoral research there from 1979-1985. He became a professor at Dartmouth Medical School from 1992-2007 and is now the Silverman Professor of Natural Science at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.
- Gary Ruvkun was born in Berkeley, California. He earned his PhD from Harvard University in 1982 before joining Horvitz’s lab at MIT for postdoctoral training. He is currently a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Potential Applications and Future Research
- Understanding microRNAs and their regulatory networks is the first step towards developing potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
- Several vaccine-type products utilizing microRNA technology are currently in clinical trials for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other conditions.
- The challenge lies in precisely targeting specific genes without affecting others, as microRNAs can regulate many different genes simultaneously.
- Future research will likely focus on further elucidating the roles of microRNAs in various biological processes and diseases, as well as developing targeted therapies based on microRNA modulation.
Overall
- The discovery of microRNA by Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation and opened up new avenues for research and potential medical applications.
- Their groundbreaking work, which began with studying a tiny worm, has revealed a fundamental principle of biology that is essential for multicellular life and has implications for human health and disease.
- The 2024 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine recognizes the significance of their contributions and highlights the importance of basic scientific research in advancing our knowledge and improving human lives.
John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton Awarded 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for Pioneering Work on Machine Learning
2024 Nobel Prize Winner in Physics
- John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton have been awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks,” as announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on October 8, 2024.
- Hopfield, a professor emeritus at Princeton University, and Hinton, a professor emeritus at the University of Toronto, will share the prize sum of 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately $1.1 million).
Background on the Laureates
John Hopfield
- John Hopfield, born in 1933, is an American physicist and molecular biologist.
- He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University and has held positions at Bell Laboratories and Princeton University, where he served as a professor of molecular biology.
- Hopfield co-founded the Computation and Neural Systems PhD program at the California Institute of Technology in 1986.
Geoffrey Hinton
- Geoffrey Hinton, born in 1947, is a British-Canadian computer scientist and a leading figure in artificial intelligence research.
- He received his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh and has held faculty positions at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Toronto.
- Hinton founded and directed the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London from 1998 to 2001 and worked for Google Brain from 2013 to 2023.
- He is a co-recipient of the 2018 Turing Award for his contributions to neural networks.
Contributions to Machine Learning
- Hopfield and Hinton’s work has been instrumental in developing methods that form the foundation of modern machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Hopfield Networks
- Hopfield developed the Hopfield network, an associative memory model that can store and reconstruct patterns, such as images.
- The Hopfield network operates similarly to the human brain, using nodes that represent neurons and connections akin to synapses.
- When presented with distorted data, the Hopfield network methodically updates its values to retrieve the most similar stored pattern, effectively functioning as a powerful tool for pattern recognition and data reconstruction.
Boltzmann Machines and Deep Learning
- Hinton built upon Hopfield’s work by creating the Boltzmann machine, which autonomously discovers properties within data using statistical physics principles.
- The Boltzmann machine can classify images and generate new examples based on learned patterns, demonstrating the concept of machine learning.
- Hinton’s techniques have been instrumental in advancing deep learning, particularly in applications involving large datasets.
Impact and Applications
- Hopfield and Hinton’s work has revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence, making significant contributions to how machines learn from data.
Image Recognition
- The laureates’ contributions have been crucial for the development of image recognition technologies, which are used in various fields, from healthcare (e.g., diagnosing diseases from medical images) to social media (e.g., tagging friends in photos).
Natural Language Processing
- Hinton’s work on deep learning has been instrumental in advancing natural language processing, enabling machines to understand and generate human language more effectively.
Autonomous Systems
- The foundations laid by Hopfield and Hinton have paved the way for the development of autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars and intelligent robots, which rely on machine learning to perceive and interact with their environment.
Reactions and Implications
- The announcement of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics has been met with widespread acclaim from the scientific community, recognizing the profound impact of Hopfield and Hinton’s work.
- Hinton, who has recently expressed concerns about the rapid development of AI and its potential risks, stated that he was “flabbergasted” upon learning of the award.
- The laureates’ work has not only transformed the field of artificial intelligence but has also raised important questions about the ethical development and deployment of AI technologies.
- As AI continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, the contributions of Hopfield and Hinton serve as a reminder of the importance of responsible innovation and the need for ongoing dialogue between researchers, policymakers, and the public.
Overall
- The recognition of John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton as Nobel Prize winners in 2024 highlights the significant influence of their contributions to machine learning and artificial intelligence.
- Their foundational discoveries and inventions have laid the groundwork for the development of powerful AI technologies that are transforming science, engineering, and everyday life.
- As the world continues to grapple with the implications of rapidly advancing AI, the contributions of Hopfield and Hinton serve as a testament to the power of scientific inquiry and the importance of responsible innovation in shaping the future of technology.
Protein Pioneers David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John Jumper Awarded 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2024 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry
- The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John Jumper for their groundbreaking work in protein science.
- David Baker received half of the prize “for computational protein design,” while Demis Hassabis and John Jumper shared the other half “for protein structure prediction.”
- This year’s award recognizes the transformative impact of artificial intelligence and computational methods in understanding and manipulating proteins, the fundamental building blocks of life.
Background on Proteins and Their Importance
- Proteins are essential macromolecules found in all living organisms, performing a wide range of functions:
- Catalyzing biochemical reactions (enzymes)
- Providing structural support (e.g., collagen)
- Transporting molecules (e.g., hemoglobin)
- Regulating gene expression
- Defending against pathogens (antibodies)
- The function of a protein is determined by its three-dimensional structure, which is in turn dictated by its amino acid sequence.
- Understanding protein structures and designing new proteins have been long-standing challenges in biochemistry and molecular biology.
David Baker’s Contributions: Computational Protein Design
- David Baker, born in 1962 in Seattle, is a professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine and director of the Institute for Protein Design.
- Baker’s work focuses on developing computational methods for designing proteins with specific functions, a field known as de novo protein design.
- Key achievements:
- Development of the Rosetta software suite for protein structure prediction and design
- Creation of novel proteins that do not exist in nature
- Design of proteins with potential applications in medicine, materials science, and biotechnology
- The RoseTTAFold algorithm:
- Introduced in 2021 as a “three-track” neural network
- Simultaneously considers patterns in protein sequences, amino acid interactions, and possible 3D structures
- Can compute protein structures in as little as 10 minutes on a single gaming computer
- Applications of Baker’s work:
- Design of new enzymes for catalyzing chemical reactions
- Creation of protein-based vaccines and therapeutics
- Development of nanomaterials and molecular machines
- Baker’s research has been supported by various funding sources, including the European Commission through Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) projects.
Demis Hassabis and John Jumper: AlphaFold and Protein Structure Prediction
- Demis Hassabis, born in 1976 in London, is the co-founder and CEO of DeepMind, now part of Google.
- John Jumper, born in 1985 in Little Rock, Arkansas, is a senior research scientist at Google DeepMind.
- Their main contribution is the development of AlphaFold, an AI system for predicting protein structures with unprecedented accuracy.
- AlphaFold timeline:
- 2018: First version of AlphaFold introduced
- 2020: AlphaFold2 achieves breakthrough performance in the CASP14 competition
- 2021: Release of the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database
- 2022: Prediction of nearly all known protein structures (approximately 200 million)
- Key features of AlphaFold2:
- Uses deep learning to predict protein structures from amino acid sequences
- Incorporates evolutionary information from multiple sequence alignments
- Achieves accuracy comparable to experimental methods like X-ray crystallography
- Impact of AlphaFold:
- Accelerated research in structural biology and drug discovery
- Provided insights into previously unsolved protein structures
- Enabled large-scale analysis of protein families and their evolution
Significance of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- This year’s prize highlights the growing importance of computational methods and AI in scientific research.
- It recognizes two complementary approaches to protein science:
- Designing new proteins with desired functions (Baker)
- Predicting structures of existing proteins (Hassabis and Jumper)
- The laureates’ work has potential applications in various fields:
- Drug discovery and development
- Vaccine design
- Enzyme engineering for industrial processes
- Understanding and treating protein-related diseases
- The prize underscores the power of interdisciplinary research, combining biology, chemistry, physics, and computer science.
Comparison of the Laureates’ Approaches
Aspect | David Baker | Demis Hassabis & John Jumper |
Focus | Computational protein design | Protein structure prediction |
Main tool | Rosetta software suite | AlphaFold AI system |
Approach | De novo design of novel proteins | Prediction of existing protein structures |
Key innovation | Creation of proteins not found in nature | Highly accurate structure prediction from sequence |
Applications | New enzymes, therapeutics, materials | Understanding existing proteins, drug discovery |
Historical Context and Previous Related Nobel Prizes
- 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Max Perutz and John Kendrew for determining the structures of hemoglobin and myoglobin
- 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Christian Anfinsen for work on ribonuclease, demonstrating that protein sequence determines structure
- 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Herbert Hauptman and Jerome Karle for developing methods for determining crystal structures
- 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz, and Ada Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
- 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Frances Arnold for directed evolution of enzymes (related to protein engineering)
Impact on Scientific Research and Future Directions
- Acceleration of structural biology research:
- Faster determination of protein structures
- Ability to study proteins that are difficult to crystallize or analyze experimentally
- Enhanced understanding of protein folding and misfolding:
- Insights into diseases caused by protein misfolding (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s)
- Potential for developing treatments targeting protein aggregation
- Improved drug discovery process:
- More accurate prediction of protein-drug interactions
- Design of proteins as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles
- Advancements in synthetic biology:
- Creation of novel enzymes for industrial applications
- Development of protein-based materials with unique properties
- Environmental applications:
- Design of enzymes for biodegradation of pollutants
- Creation of proteins for carbon capture and sequestration
- Potential for personalized medicine:
- Analysis of patient-specific protein variants
- Design of tailored therapeutic proteins
Challenges and Limitations
- Computational power requirements:
- Both protein design and structure prediction can be computationally intensive
- Need for continued advancements in hardware and algorithms
- Experimental validation:
- Computational predictions and designs still require experimental confirmation
- Integration of computational and experimental approaches is crucial
- Complexity of protein interactions:
- Predicting and designing protein-protein interactions remains challenging
- Understanding protein dynamics and conformational changes
- Ethical considerations:
- Potential misuse of protein design technology (e.g., creating harmful proteins)
- Need for responsible development and application of AI in scientific research
Reactions from the Scientific Community
- Widespread recognition of the transformative impact of the laureates’ work
- Excitement about the potential for accelerating scientific discoveries
- Discussions about the role of AI and machine learning in scientific research
- Calls for increased funding and support for computational biology and AI research
Nobel Prize Ceremony and Award Details
- Date: December 10, 2024 (anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death)
- Location: Stockholm, Sweden
- Prize amount: 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately $1 million USD)
- Half awarded to David Baker
- Half shared between Demis Hassabis and John Jumper
- Additional honors:
- Nobel Medal
- Nobel Diploma
- Document confirming the prize amount
Biographies of the Laureates
David Baker
- Born: 1962 in Seattle, Washington, USA
- Education:
- B.S. in Biology, Harvard University, 1984
- Ph.D. in Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 1989
- Career highlights:
- Professor of Biochemistry, University of Washington (1993-present)
- Director, Institute for Protein Design (2012-present)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator (1994-present)
- Notable awards:
- Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2021)
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler International Prize in Biophysics (2008)
- Feynman Prize for Nanotechnology (2004)
Demis Hassabis
- Born: 1976 in London, UK
- Education:
- B.S. in Computer Science, University of Cambridge, 1997
- Ph.D. in Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 2009
- Career highlights:
- Co-founder and CEO of DeepMind (2010-present)
- Research scientist at MIT and Harvard (2009-2010)
- Video game designer and programmer (1990s)
- Notable awards:
- CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) for services to science and technology (2018)
- Mullard Award, Royal Society (2014)
- Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (2018)
John Jumper
- Born: 1985 in Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Education:
- B.S. in Physics, University of Texas at Austin, 2008
- Ph.D. in Physics, University of Chicago, 2017
- Career highlights:
- Senior Research Scientist, Google DeepMind (2017-present)
- Lead developer of AlphaFold2
- Notable awards:
- Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2023, shared with colleagues for AlphaFold)
Future Prospects and Ongoing Research
- Integration of protein design and structure prediction:
- Combining the strengths of both approaches for more comprehensive protein engineering
- Expansion to other biomolecules:
- Applying similar techniques to predict and design RNA and DNA structures
- Multi-scale modeling:
- Bridging the gap between atomic-level protein structures and cellular-level processes
- Improved force fields and energy functions:
- Developing more accurate models of protein physics for better predictions and designs
- Machine learning in experimental structural biology:
- Enhancing data analysis in techniques like cryo-electron microscopy
- Protein design for novel materials:
- Creating self-assembling protein structures for nanotechnology applications
- Evolutionary protein design:
- Incorporating principles of natural protein evolution into computational design methods
Educational and Training Implications
- Increased emphasis on computational skills in biology and chemistry curricula
- Development of new interdisciplinary programs combining life sciences, computer science, and AI
- Need for training programs to help researchers utilize tools like AlphaFold and Rosetta
- Potential for online courses and workshops to democratize access to protein design and prediction tools
Economic and Industrial Impact
- Growth of biotech companies focused on protein engineering and AI-driven drug discovery
- Potential for new industries based on designed proteins (e.g., novel biomaterials, biocatalysts)
- Increased investment in computational infrastructure for life sciences research
- Collaborations between tech companies and traditional pharmaceutical/biotech firms
Overall
- The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognizes a paradigm shift in protein science, driven by computational methods and artificial intelligence.
- David Baker’s work in computational protein design and the development of AlphaFold by Demis Hassabis and John Jumper represent complementary approaches that are revolutionizing our understanding and manipulation of proteins.
- These advancements have far-reaching implications for medicine, biotechnology, and basic scientific research.
- The prize highlights the growing importance of interdisciplinary approaches and the power of combining biological knowledge with computational techniques.
- As the field continues to evolve, we can expect further breakthroughs in protein science that will shape the future of chemistry, biology, and medicine.
South Korean Author Han Kang Wins 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature
2024 Nobel Prize Winner in Literature
- On October 10, 2024, the Swedish Academy announced South Korean author Han Kang as the recipient of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature.
- Han Kang is the first South Korean author to win this prestigious award.
- The prize recognizes her “intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life”.
About Han Kang
- Han Kang is 53 years old.
- She began her career in 1993 with the publication of poems in the magazine Literature and Society.
- Her prose debut came in 1995 with the short story collection “Love of Yeosu”.
- Han Kang achieved international recognition with her novel “The Vegetarian”.
Notable Works
- “The Vegetarian”
- Originally published in 2007 in Korean.
- First published in English in 2015.
- Won the International Man Booker Prize in 2016.
- “Human Acts”
- Finalist for the International Booker Prize in 2018.
- “The White Book”
- “Greek Lessons”
- Her most recent book: “We Do Not Part” (also known as “I Do Not Beat Fa” or “Impossible Good Di”).
Themes in Han Kang’s Writing
- Her novels often feature female protagonists feeling isolated or at odds with South Korea’s rigid social norms.
- She explores connections between body and soul, the living and the dead.
- Her work confronts historical traumas and the fragility of human life.
- Han Kang’s writing style is described as poetic, experimental, and innovative in contemporary prose.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
- Awarded by the Swedish Academy.
- Worth 11 million Swedish crowns (approximately $1.1 million USD).
- Han Kang is the 18th woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
- The prize has been awarded since 1901.
Selection Process
- The Nobel committee distributes nomination forms to various individuals and organizations.
- Nominees are narrowed down to a shortlist of 15-20 candidates, then to five.
- Academy members review the works of nominees and vote in early October.
- A candidate must secure more than half of the total votes to win.
Historical Context
- Han Kang is the first Asian woman to win the prize.
- She joins other notable Asian laureates like India’s Rabindranath Tagore and Japan’s Kazuo Ishiguro.
- Han Kang is only the second Korean Nobel laureate after former President Kim Dae-jung, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000.
Recent Nobel Literature Laureates
- 2023: Jon Fosse (Norway).
- 2022: Annie Ernaux (France).
- 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania/UK).
Reactions to Han Kang’s Win
- Han Kang’s response: “I’m so surprised and honored”.
- She was at home in Seoul when she received the news, having just finished dinner with her son.
- The author plans to celebrate quietly with tea.
Impact of the Nobel Prize
- Increased global recognition for Han Kang’s work.
- Potential spike in book sales, particularly for her translated works.
- Greater attention to South Korean literature on the world stage.
Significance of Han Kang’s Win
- Represents a shift towards recognizing diverse voices in world literature.
- Highlights the growing influence of South Korean culture globally.
- Brings attention to themes of historical trauma and human fragility in literature.
Criticisms and Controversies Surrounding the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Historical bias towards European and North American writers.
- Underrepresentation of women and authors of color.
- Past controversies, including the #MeToo scandal in 2018.
Recent Efforts to Diversify the Prize
- Since 2020, the academy has honored one author of color and two women.
- Increased focus on authors from regions outside Europe and North America.
Han Kang’s Literary Style and Techniques
- Use of intense poetic prose.
- Experimental and innovative approach to contemporary prose.
- Exploration of the connections between body and soul, living and dead.
Themes in Han Kang’s Work
- Historical traumas.
- The fragility of human life.
- Isolation and societal norms in South Korea.
- Questions about human nature, life, and death.
Han Kang’s Literary Influences
- She mentioned Astrid Lindgren as an inspiration from her childhood.
- Influence of collective efforts of writers throughout history.
Han Kang’s Writing Process
- She spent three difficult years writing “The Vegetarian”.
- Struggled to find images of the protagonist and surrounding characters.
- Incorporated imagery of trees and night into her work.
Reception of Han Kang’s Work
- International acclaim for “The Vegetarian”.
- Critical recognition through various literary prizes.
- Growing readership and translations of her work globally.
The Nobel Prize Ceremony
- Han Kang will receive her medal during a ceremony on December 10, 2024.
- The date marks the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
Other Nobel Prizes in 2024
- Prizes for Medicine, Physics, and Chemistry were announced earlier in the week.
- The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday, October 11, 2024.
- The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences will be announced on Monday, October 14, 2024.
The Swedish Academy
- Founded in 1786 by Swedish King Gustav III.
- Composed of 18 members known as “De Aderton” (The Eighteen) with life tenure.
- Members include distinguished Swedish writers, linguists, literary scholars, historians, and a prominent jurist.
Historical Perspective on the Literature Prize
- Some notable omissions over the years include Leo Tolstoy, Emile Zola, and James Joyce.
- Controversial decisions, such as the 2016 award to Bob Dylan.
Financial Aspects of the Nobel Prize
- The prize money of 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately $1.1 million USD).
- Potential increase in book sales and royalties for the laureate.
Global Impact of the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Increased attention to the laureate’s work and their country’s literary scene.
- Potential boost in translations and international publications.
- Influence on literary trends and discussions.
Han Kang’s Position in South Korean Literature
- Her role in bringing South Korean literature to the global stage.
- Potential influence on future generations of Korean writers.
- Comparison with other prominent South Korean authors.
The Future of the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Ongoing efforts to diversify the pool of laureates.
- Potential changes in the selection process or criteria.
- Challenges and opportunities in recognizing global literary talents.
Overall
- Han Kang’s Nobel Prize win represents a significant milestone for South Korean literature.
- It highlights the growing recognition of diverse voices in world literature.
- The award brings attention to themes of historical trauma and human fragility in contemporary writing.
Nihon Hidankyo, Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors Group, Wins 2024 Nobel Peace Prize for Nuclear Disarmament Efforts
2024 Nobel Prize Winner in Peace
- The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize to Nihon Hidankyo, a grassroots confederation of Japanese atomic bomb survivor organizations, “for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again.”
- Nihon Hidankyo, which means the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, was founded in 1956 by survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 that killed over 200,000 people. The survivors are known as “hibakusha” in Japanese.
- For nearly 70 years, Nihon Hidankyo has advocated tirelessly for the abolition of nuclear weapons, better support for atomic bomb survivors, and to ensure the horrors experienced by the hibakusha are never forgotten or repeated.
- The organization has collected thousands of eyewitness testimonies, made appeals at the United Nations and international peace conferences, and played a key role in the adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in 2017.
Significance of the Award
- The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize highlights the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and the importance of the “nuclear taboo”, the international norm against the use of nuclear arms.
- This is the fourth time the Nobel Peace Prize has recognized anti-nuclear weapons campaigners, following awards to the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1985), Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences (1995), and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (2017).
- The prize comes at a time of heightened nuclear tensions, with nuclear-armed states expanding their arsenals, new countries seeking nuclear capabilities, and the war in Ukraine raising the specter of nuclear conflict. The number of deployed nuclear warheads increased in 2023.
- Jorgen Watne Frydnes, chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, said the award focuses on “the necessity of upholding this nuclear taboo” as it faces pressure. “It is alarming to see how threats of use is also damaging this norm. To uphold an international strong taboo against the use is crucial for all of humanity.”
Reaction from Nihon Hidankyo
- Toshiyuki Mimaki, the 82-year-old co-head of Nihon Hidankyo and a hibakusha himself, was moved to tears upon hearing the news. “Is it true? Unbelievable!” he exclaimed. “Never did I dream this could happen.”
- Mimaki said the prize would be a major boost to Nihon Hidankyo’s efforts. “It would be a great force to appeal to the world that the abolition of nuclear weapons and everlasting peace can be achieved.”
- He noted the urgency, as the hibakusha are aging and many have passed away. “We do not have much life left anymore,” Mimaki said. “I am not sure I will be alive next year.” He plans to visit the graves of deceased members to inform them of the honor.
- Mimaki’s message to the world: “Please abolish nuclear weapons while we are still alive. That is the wish of 114,000 hibakusha.”
Praise from the International Community
- Many international organizations congratulated Nihon Hidankyo on the well-deserved recognition, including the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the European Union, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), and the World Council of Churches.
- The ICRC said the award highlights Nihon Hidankyo’s “vital role in drawing attention to the catastrophic effects and enduring humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons use.” It aligns with humanitarian principles and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons the group has long promoted.
- EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the prize serves as a reminder of “the very severe consequences associated with nuclear weapons use and the responsibility that all States share to prevent such an occurrence from happening.”
- ICAN, the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize winner, said it was extremely important the hibakusha were recognized “for their lifelong work to bring the world’s attention to what nuclear weapons actually do to people when they are used,” especially when the risk of nuclear weapons use is so high.
- ICAN executive director Melissa Parke urged all countries, especially nuclear-armed states and their allies, to heed Nihon Hidankyo’s call. “We call on the nuclear-armed states and their allies which support the use of nuclear weapons, including, of course, Japan, to heed their call to abolish these inhumane weapons to make sure what they have been through never happens again.”
The Hibakusha’s Decades-Long Mission
- The U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki three days later remain the only times nuclear weapons have been used in conflict. The two bombs killed an estimated 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 70,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945, with many more dying in the following years from injuries and radiation-related illnesses.
- In the bombing’s aftermath, the hibakusha faced discrimination in Japan over unfounded fears about radiation’s effects. They were also prohibited from publishing accounts of the bombings during the U.S. occupation until 1952.
- Nihon Hidankyo was established in 1956 to advocate for the hibakusha, who often required expensive and specialized medical care. The group has spent decades collecting eyewitness accounts, making them public, and using them to campaign for nuclear abolition.
- In 1957, Nihon Hidankyo created a petition demanding government assistance for the hibakusha, which gathered 32 million signatures. This led to the enactment of two laws providing the survivors with medical support and a small allowance.
- Starting in the 1970s, Nihon Hidankyo began sending delegations of hibakusha to speak at the United Nations and around the world about their experiences. They played a key role in the rise of the global anti-nuclear movement.
- In recent years, as the hibakusha have aged, Nihon Hidankyo has focused on passing down their stories to younger generations. It has trained successors to share the eyewitness accounts and memories.
The “Nuclear Taboo” Under Threat
- The Norwegian Nobel Committee said the “nuclear taboo”, the international norm against using nuclear weapons, is now under pressure as nuclear-armed states expand their arsenals and tensions rise.
- According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the number of nuclear weapons deployed with operational forces increased in 2023, with 3,844 warheads now deployed.
- While the total global inventory of nuclear weapons has declined since the Cold War, SIPRI reported the nuclear-armed states are modernizing their arsenals and some deployed new nuclear-armed or nuclear-capable weapon systems in 2023.
- Russia and the United States together possess over 90% of all nuclear weapons. Amid the war in Ukraine and breakdown in U.S.-Russian arms control treaties, both countries are extensively upgrading their nuclear forces.
- China is substantially expanding its nuclear weapon inventory and, for the first time, moving some nuclear warheads to a launch-on-warning posture. India and Pakistan are slowly increasing the size and diversity of their nuclear forces.
- North Korea continues to prioritize its military nuclear program, while Israel maintains an undeclared nuclear arsenal. The UK and France are also modernizing their nuclear arsenals.
Calls for Action
- Upon awarding Nihon Hidankyo the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize, the Norwegian Nobel Committee called for renewed urgency in the quest for a world without nuclear weapons.
- “At this moment in human history, it is crucial to remind ourselves of the nature of nuclear weapons: they are the most devastating weapons ever created,” the committee said. “The Hibakusha help us to describe the indescribable, to think the unthinkable, and to somehow grasp the incomprehensible pain and suffering caused by nuclear weapons.”
- The committee said the prize was meant to recognize the hibakusha “who, despite enduring physical pain and traumatic memories, have chosen to transform their painful experiences into a source of hope and a call for peace.”
- Next year marks the 80th anniversary of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Nobel Committee said it was more important than ever that the hibakusha’s voices and urgent calls for action are heard and acted upon.
- ICAN called on all countries to immediately join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in response to the prize. “Next year will mark the 80th anniversary of the catastrophic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It is more important than ever that the voices of the survivors and their urgent calls for action are heard and acted upon. All countries should immediately heed their call to join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.”
- The International Committee of the Red Cross said it stands with Nihon Hidankyo in its work to ensure nuclear weapons are never used again and international law is upheld. The suffering of the hibakusha that the ICRC witnessed firsthand in 1945 “demonstrates why nuclear weapons must be banned.”
Overall: Hope for a Nuclear-Free Future
- In awarding Nihon Hidankyo the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize, the Norwegian Nobel Committee aimed to refocus attention on nuclear disarmament at a perilous moment, while recognizing the lifelong work of the hibakusha to ensure the horrors they experienced are never repeated.
- “The Hibakusha have worked tirelessly to raise awareness of the catastrophic impacts of nuclear weapons and push for their total elimination,” ICAN executive director Melissa Parke said. “Their testimonies and advocacy have been crucial to nuclear disarmament as a whole and the adoption and entry into force of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in particular.”
- Nihon Hidankyo’s leaders expressed hope the prize would advance their cause, even as time grows short. “Please abolish nuclear weapons while we are still alive,” co-head Toshiyuki Mimaki pleaded on behalf of the hibakusha. “That is the wish of 114,000 hibakusha.”
- The prize is a poignant tribute to the hibakusha’s decades of advocacy and a clarion call for renewed action on nuclear disarmament, as the generation of survivors dwindles.
- “The Hibakusha remind us of that truth every day,” SIPRI director Dan Smith said, quoting former U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s joint 1985 statement: “Nuclear war can never be won and must never be fought.”
- “The slogan at the National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims in Nagasaki is: ‘The bomb on Nagasaki was the second time a nuclear weapon was used in war: let it be the last!'” Smith said. “We can only agree with that sentiment.”
Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2024: Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson Honored for Institutional Economics Research
- On October 14, 2024, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the recipients of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics.
- The prize was awarded jointly to Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity”.
- This article section provides a comprehensive overview of the laureates, their groundbreaking research, and the significance of their contributions to the field of economics.
The Laureates
- Daron Acemoglu
- Born in 1967 in Istanbul, Turkey
- Currently a Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
- Received his PhD in 1992 from the London School of Economics and Political Science
- Known for his work in various fields, including macroeconomics, political economy, labor economics, and development economics
- Simon Johnson
- Born in 1963 in Sheffield, UK
- Currently a Professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management
- Received his PhD in 1989 from MIT
- Served as the chief economist of the International Monetary Fund from 2007 to 2008
- James A. Robinson
- Born in 1960
- Currently a Professor at the University of Chicago
- Received his PhD in 1993 from Yale University
- Known for his research on political and economic development
The Prize-Winning Research
- Focus on Institutional Economics
- The laureates’ work centers on the role of institutions in shaping economic outcomes and national prosperity.
- Their research demonstrates how political and economic institutions influence long-term economic growth and development.
- Key Findings
- Societies with poor rule of law and exploitative institutions do not generate growth or positive change.
- The importance of inclusive political and economic systems for long-term prosperity.
- The impact of historical events, such as colonization, on the formation of institutions and subsequent economic development.
- Methodological Contributions
- Development of models to understand the creation and transformation of political institutions.
- Empirical studies supporting the link between democratic institutions and greater economic activity over the past 500 years.
Significance of the Research
- Understanding Economic Disparities
- The laureates’ work provides insights into why some countries are rich while others remain poor.
- It helps explain the vast differences in income and development between nations.
- Policy Implications
- Highlights the importance of strong, inclusive institutions for economic growth and development.
- Suggests that improving institutional quality can be a pathway to reducing global economic inequality.
- Interdisciplinary Approach
- Combines economics with political science and history to provide a more comprehensive understanding of economic development.
Notable Works by the Laureates
- “Why Nations Fail” (2012) by Acemoglu and Robinson
- Synthesizes much of their research on political institutions and economic growth.
- Became a bestseller and influential work in the field of development economics.
- “The Narrow Corridor” (2019) by Acemoglu and Robinson
- Examines the historical development of rights and liberties in nation-states.
- “Power and Progress” (2023) by Acemoglu and Johnson
- Explores the relationship between technology, innovation, and economic prosperity over the past millennium.
Impact on Economic Thought
- Shift in Development Economics
- Moved focus from purely economic factors to the role of institutions in determining economic outcomes.
- Challenged previous notions about the primacy of geography or culture in explaining economic disparities.
- Empirical Support for Institutional Theory
- Provided robust empirical evidence for the importance of institutions in economic development.
- Strengthened the case for institutional reform as a means of promoting economic growth.
Reactions to the Award
- Academic Community
- Widespread praise for the recognition of institutional economics.
- Acknowledgment of the laureates’ long-standing influence in the field.
- Political Implications
- Renewed focus on the importance of democratic institutions for economic prosperity.
- Potential impact on development policies and international aid strategies.
Biographical Details of the Laureates
- Daron Acemoglu
- Turkish-born economist who immigrated to the United States.
- Has been at MIT since 1993.
- Author of over 120 peer-reviewed papers and four books.
- Has advised over 60 PhD students at MIT.
- Simon Johnson
- British-born economist.
- Ronald A. Kurtz Professor of Entrepreneurship at MIT Sloan School of Management.
- Co-author of “13 Bankers” (2010) and “Jump-Starting America” (2021).
- James A. Robinson
- Political scientist and economist.
- Conducts research in various countries, including Botswana, Chile, and Colombia.
- Teaches every summer at the University of the Andes in Bogota, Colombia.
The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences
- History and Background
- Established in 1968 by Sweden’s central bank.
- Not one of the original Nobel Prizes created by Alfred Nobel’s will.
- Formally known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
- Prize Details
- Award amount: 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately $1 million USD).
- Awarded 55 times to 93 laureates between 1969 and 2023.
- Selection Process
- Decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
- Follows the same selection process as other Nobel Prizes.
Previous Notable Winners
- Recent Winners
- 2023: Claudia Goldin for research on women’s labor market outcomes.
- 2022: Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond, and Philip Dybvig for research on banks and financial crises.
- Influential Past Laureates
- Friedrich Hayek (1974) for work on free-market capitalism.
- Milton Friedman (1976) for research on monetarism.
- Amartya Sen (1998) for contributions to welfare economics.
Controversies and Criticisms
- Debate Over Prize’s Legitimacy
- Some argue that economics is not a “hard science” like physics or chemistry.
- Criticism from Nobel family members about the inclusion of economics in the Nobel series.
- Ideological Bias Accusations
- Claims of favoring certain schools of economic thought.
- Concerns about the dominance of U.S.-based economists among winners.
Implications for Future Research
- Continued Focus on Institutions
- Likely to inspire more research on the role of institutions in economic development.
- Potential for increased interdisciplinary work combining economics, political science, and history.
- Policy Relevance
- May influence development strategies and international aid policies.
- Could shape debates on democratic reforms and their economic impacts.
The Laureates’ Current Work and Future Directions
- Ongoing Research
- Acemoglu’s work on the effects of automation on employment and growth.
- Johnson’s research on finance sector regulation and fiscal policy.
- Robinson’s continued studies on political and economic development in various countries.
- Potential Future Contributions
- Exploring the impact of emerging technologies like AI on institutions and economic outcomes.
- Investigating the role of institutions in addressing global challenges such as climate change and inequality.
Global Reactions and Media Coverage
- International Press
- Widespread coverage in major news outlets worldwide.
- Focus on the immigrant backgrounds of the laureates in American media.
- Academic and Policy Circles
- Discussions on the implications for development economics and policy-making.
- Renewed interest in institutional economics in academic curricula and research agendas.
Overall
- Summary of Achievements
- The 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics recognizes groundbreaking work in understanding the role of institutions in economic prosperity.
- Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson’s research provides crucial insights into the causes of economic disparities between nations.
- Future Outlook
- Their work is likely to continue influencing economic policy and development strategies globally.
- The prize highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex economic challenges.
FAQs:
When are the Nobel Prizes awarded each year?
The Nobel Prizes are typically announced in early October, with the award ceremony held on December 10th, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
How many Nobel Prizes are awarded each year?
There are six Nobel Prizes awarded annually: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.
Who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2024?
John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton were awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for their foundational discoveries and inventions enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks.
What was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded for in 2024?
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John Jumper for their work on computational protein design and protein structure prediction.
Who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2024?
Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun were awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Which author won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2024?
South Korean author Han Kang won the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.
What organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2024?
Nihon Hidankyo, the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, won the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons.
Who were the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2024?
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson were jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for their studies on how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.
What is the monetary value of the Nobel Prize in 2024?
The Nobel Prize in 2024 is worth 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately $1.1 million USD).
When will the Nobel Prize ceremony take place?
The Nobel Prize ceremony traditionally takes place on December 10th, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
How many women won Nobel Prizes in 2024?
Based on the information provided in the article, one woman, Han Kang, won a Nobel Prize in 2024 (for Literature).
What is unique about the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences?
The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, officially called the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by Sweden’s central bank and is not one of the original Nobel Prizes created by Alfred Nobel’s will.
What is Han Kang known for?
Han Kang is known for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life. Her novel “The Vegetarian” won the International Man Booker Prize in 2016.
Related Resources:
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/press-release/
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/7/nobel-prize-in-medicine-awarded-to-us-duo-victor-ambros-gary-ruvkun
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/
- https://www.princeton.edu/news/2024/10/08/princetons-john-hopfield-receives-nobel-prize-physics
- https://news.mit.edu/2024/victor-ambros-gary-ruvkun-share-nobel-prize-physiology-medicine-1007
- https://www.reuters.com/science/hopfield-hinton-win-2024-nobel-prize-physics-2024-10-08/
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2024/press-release/
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/south-koreas-han-kang-wins-2024-nobel-prize-in-literature
- https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/10/arts/nobel-prize-literature.html
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10011655/
- https://www.ipd.uw.edu/2021/07/rosettafold-accurate-protein-structure-prediction-accessible-to-all/
- https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/news/all-research-and-innovation-news/eu-funded-researcher-wins-2024-nobel-prize-chemistry-2024-10-09_en
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/9/three-scientists-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry-for-work-on-proteins
- https://www.hhmi.org/hhmi-david-baker-wins-2024-nobel-chemistry
- https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/world/nobel-peace-prize-2024-nihon-hidankyo-nuclear-free-intl/index.html
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/
- https://www.icanw.org/ican_congratulates_nihon_hidankyo_for_2024_nobel_peace_prize
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/
- https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2024/press-release/
- https://apnews.com/article/nobel-economics-prize-db3bfe55ac17dd22cf82f1dd637bfa94